Their primary mechanisms of action include: Enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner, which helps lower blood sugar levels with a low risk of hypoglycaemia when used alone (though risk increases when combined with insulin or sulfonylureas) Suppressing glucagon release from pancreatic alpha cells, reducing hepatic glucose production Slowing gastric emptying , which prolongs the feeling of fullness after meals Acting on appetite centres in the brain , particularly the hypothalamus, to reduce hunger and food intake These combined effects result in improved glycaemic control for people with diabetes and significant weight loss
10.1038/srep26745 116 RathS.HeidrichB.PieperD
Notably, these observations were found in a relatively short time after Gclc deletion (i.e., three weeks)
Abbreviations AACE: American Association of Clinical Endocrinology AE: Adverse event CDS: Chinese Diabetes Society DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ETD: Estimated treatment difference FPG: Fasting plasma glucose GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist PIONEER: Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment SAE: Serious adverse event SF-36v2: 36-item Short Form Health Survey (Acute Version) SMPG: Self-monitored plasma glucose References Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S et al (2022) IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045
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