The most common side effects of B12 injections are mild and temporary, including pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, mild nausea or diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and itching near the injection area
For instance, oxidative stress caused by the deposition of -amyloid protein (A) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD (Schubert et al., 1995), and the neurotoxicity of cisplatin to neuronal cells has also been confirmed and recognized (Troy et al., 2000)
Some portion of intranasally administered peptides may reach the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway, bypassing the blood-brain barrier
doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116883 125 ShafiSKhuranaNGuptaJ
Retrieved 11 January 2020
Dilution affects comfort, not efficacy