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Mice were humanely euthanized by cardiac puncture after being anesthetized in an anesthetic chamber with 3% isoflurane at a 2.5 L/min (min) O 2 flow rate

The copper(II)-bound complex GHK-Cu sits at roughly 398 daltons, depending on counter-ion and hydration

Such a mechanism may explain the peptide's ability to enhance healing without causing excessive or dysregulated tissue growth, as its effects remain dependent on physiological growth factor signaling that is naturally upregulated during injury and repair processes

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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhancer reduces oxidative stress and restores endothelial function in db/db mice