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Presented for research literature review only Davies MJ et al

Exocytotic properties of human pancreatic beta-cells

Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease

The compound's multi-pathway activity, covering fibroblast stimulation, VEGF upregulation, and cytokine modulation, addresses multiple stages of the injury recovery process at once

Oct 2002;24(7):582-584

doi: 10.1073/pnas.2405474121 118 SokalskaAHawkinsABYamaguchiTDulebaAJ